Electrolyte-balance-and-dialysis-agents

Diazepam

Diazepam is a benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid activity. It is used in the treatment of severe anxiety disorders, as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia, as a sedative and premedicant, as an anticonvulsant, and in the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome.Symptoms of Diazepam overdose include somnolence, confusion, coma, and diminished reflexes.

Lorazepam

Lorazepam is a high-potency short-to-intermediate-acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine drug.Lorazepam is used for the short-term treatment of anxiety, insomnia, acute seizures including status epilepticus and sedation of hospitalised patients, as well as sedation of aggressive patients.It is considered to be a short-acting drug which, similar to other benzodiazepines, exerts its therapeutic as well as adverse effects via its interaction at benzodiazepine binding sites, which are located on GABA_A receptors in the central nervous system.Lorazepam is sometimes used for individuals receiving mechanical ventilation.It is sometimes used as an alternative to haloperidol when there is the need for rapid sedation of violent or agitated individuals,used in chemotherapy as an adjunct to antiemetics for treating anticipatory nausea and vomiting,as adjunct therapy for cyclic vomiting syndrome.

Phenytoin

Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant drug which can be useful in the treatment of epilepsy.It acts to dampen the unwanted, runaway brain activity seen in seizure by reducing electrical conductance among brain cells. It lacks the sedation effects associated with phenobarbital.Phenytoin acts on sodium channels on the neuronal cell membrane, limiting the spread of seizure activity and reducing seizure propagation. By promoting sodium efflux from neurons, phenytoin tends to stabilize the threshold against hyperexcitability caused by excessive stimulation or environmental changes capable of reducing membrane sodium gradient. This includes the reduction of post-tetanic potentiation at synapses.

Progabide

Progabide is an analog and prodrug of gamma-aminobutyric acid used in the treatment of epilepsy. It has agonistic activity at both the GABA_A and GABA_B receptors. It has been investigated for many diseases besides epilepsy, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, clinical depression, anxiety disorder and spasticity with various levels of success.

Temazepam

Temazepam is a short to intermediate acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine derivative. It is a powerful hypnotic drug generally prescribed for the short-term treatment of severe insomnia in patients who have difficulty falling asleep and maintaining sleep and where other treatments have failed.Temazepam produces CNS depression at limbic, thalamic, and hypothalamic levels of the CNS. Temazepam increases the affinity of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) for GABA receptors by binding to benzodiazepine receptors.

Gabapentin

Gabapentin is a GABA analogue.It may also be used for treating nerve pain associated with herpes zoster (shingles) infection (postherpetic neuralgia). Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy. It may also be used to treat pain due to abnormal nerve stimulation (neuropathic pain) and nerve pain associated with herpes zoster infection.Gabapentin interacts with cortical neurons at auxillary subunits of voltage-sensitive calcium channels.It increases the synaptic concentration of GABA, enhances GABA responses at non-synaptic sites in neuronal tissues, and reduces the release of mono-amine neurotransmitters.

Vigabatrin

Vigabatrin is an analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid. It is an irreversible inhibitor of 4-aminobutyrate transaminase, the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid.Vigabatrin, is an anticonvulsant chemically unrelated to other anticonvulsants.It inhibits the catabolism of GABA. It is an analog of GABA, but it is not a receptor agonist. Vigabatrin irreversibly inhibits the enzyme GABA transaminase.It increases brain concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, by irreversibly inhibiting enzymes that catabolize GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase GABA-T) or block the reuptake of GABA into glia and nerve endings. Vigabatrin may also work by suppressing repetitive neuronal firing through inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium channels.

Zonisamide

Zonisamide is a sulfonamide anticonvulsant approved for use as an adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures.It may be a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor although this is not one of the primary mechanisms of action. Zonisamide may act by blocking repetitive firing of voltage-gated sodium channels leading to a reduction of T-type calcium channel currents, or by binding allosterically to GABA receptors,thereby inhibit the uptake of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA while enhancing the uptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate.

Lamotrigine

Lamotrigine is an oral anticonvulsant agent developed based on the observation that some antiepileptic drugs possess antifolate activity.It is also used as an adjunct in treating depression, though this is considered off-label usage.Lamotrigine also acts as a mood stabilizer. It is the first medication since lithium granted Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the maintenance treatment of bipolar type I.It inhibits voltage-sensitive sodium channels and/or calcium channels, thereby stabilizing neuronal membranes and consequently modulating presynaptic transmitter release of excitatory amino acids.

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