Immunomodulator

Erlotinib

Erlotinib is chemically classified as anilinoquinazoline compound and sold with the brand name Tarceva. This drug is used to treat non-small cell lung cancer. Erlotinib mechanism of action involves inhibiting tyrosine kinase activity in cancer causing cells. Erlotinib adverse effects are nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and diarrhea.

Luminol

CODE LUM CAS # 521-31-3 NAME LUMINOL MOL FORM. C8H7N3O2 MOL WT. 177.16 Chemiluminescent material used for analytical purposes and chemistry demonstrations . Luminol is a cyclic diacyl hydrazide that exhibits chemiluminescence upon oxidation. Luminol can also be oxidized, and chemiluminesce, by compounds containing iron, copper,GOLD, and cyanide. The excitation/emission maxima for luminol are 355/411 nm.

Amsacrine

Amsacrine derivative that is a potent intercalating antineoplastic agent. It is effective in the treatment of acute leukemias and malignant lymphomas, but has poor activity in the treatment of solid tumors. It is frequently used in combination with other antineoplastic agents in chemotherapy protocols. It produces consistent but acceptable myelosuppression and cardiotoxic effects.

Docetaxel

Docetaxel is a clinically well-established anti-mitotic chemotherapy medication. It is a semi-synthetic, second-generation taxane, with anti-neoplastic application for the treatment of breast, ovarian, and non-small cell lung cancer. Docetaxel is a taxoid antineoplastic agent. It promotes the assembly of microtubules from tubulin dimers and stabilizes microtubules by preventing depolymerization. Docetaxel interferes with the normal function of microtubule growth, which results in cell- cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death. Docetaxel does not block disassembly of interphase microtubules and so does not prevent entry into the mitotic cycle, but does block mitosis by inhibiting mitotic spindle assembly. Docetaxel is mainly metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 subfamilies of isoenzymes.

Vindesine

Vindesine is an anti-mitotic vinca alkaloid used in chemotherapy. It is used to treat many different types of cancer, including leukaemia, lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, and lung cancer.Vindesine is indicated for the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia of childhood that is resistant to vincristine and non-oat cell lung cancer.Vindesine acts by causing the arrest of cells in metaphase mitosis through its inhibition tubulin mitotic funcitoning. The drug is cell-cycle specific for the S phase.

Carmustine

Carmustine is a cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms.Carmustine causes cross-links in DNA and RNA, leading to the inhibition of DNA synthesis, RNA production and RNA translation (protein synthesis). Carmustine also binds to and modifies (carbamoylates) glutathione reductase. This leads to cell death.Side effects include leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, nausea.

Gemcitabine

Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog used as chemotherapy.It is used in non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer. It is being investigated for use in oesophageal cancer, and is used experimentally in lymphomas and various other tumor types.It inhibits thymidylate synthetase, leading to inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell death. Gemcitabine is a prodrug so activity occurs as a result of intracellular conversion to two active metabolites, gemcitabine diphosphate and gemcitabine triphosphate by deoxycitidine kinase. Gemcitabine diphosphate also inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, the enzyme responsible for catalyzing synthesis of deoxynucleoside triphosphates required for DNA synthesis.Gemcitabine triphosphate (diflurorodeoxycytidine triphosphate) competes with endogenous deoxynucleoside triphosphates for incorporation into DNA.

Acacia gum

Chlorambucil

Chlorambucil is a chemotherapy drug that has been mainly used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent and can be given orally. In the past, chlorambucil has been used for treating some types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, polycythemia vera, trophoblastic neoplasms, and ovarian carcinoma. It also has been used as an immunosuppressive drug for various autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, such as nephrotic syndrome. Its current use is mainly in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, as it is well tolerated by most patients, though chlorambucil has been largely replaced by fludarabine as first-line treatment in younger patients.

Cyclosporine

Cyclosporine is a cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation.Cyclosporine binds to cyclophillin. The complex then inhibits calcineurin which is normally responsible for activating transcription of interleukin 2. Cyclosporine also inhibits lymphokine production and interleukin release. Cyclosporine emulsion is thought to act as a partial immunomodulator in patients whose tear production is presumed to be suppressed due to ocular inflammation associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca.