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Bisoprolol is a drug belonging to the group of beta blockers, a class of drugs used primarily in cardiovascular diseases. More specifically, it is a selective type β1 adrenergic receptor blocker.
Bumetanide is a loop diuretic of the sulfamyl category to treat heart failure. It is often used in people in whom high doses of furosemide are ineffective. The main difference between the two substances is in bioavailability and pharmacodynamic potency. Furosemide is incompletely absorbed in the intestine, and there is substantial inter- and intraindividual differences in bioavailability. Bumetanide is almost completely absorbed, and the absorption is not altered when it is taken with food.
Dobutamine is a sympathomimetic drug used in the treatment of heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Its primary mechanism is direct stimulation of β1 receptors of the sympathetic nervous system. Dobutamine can be used in cases of congestive heart failure to increase cardiac output. It is indicated when parenteral therapy is necessary for inotropic support in the short-term treatment of patients with cardiac decompensation due to depressed contractility, which could be the result of either organic heart disease or cardiac surgical procedures. It is not useful in ischemic heart disease because it increases heart rate and thus increases myocardial oxygen demand. It is synthesized by the reaction of 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine and 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-butanone with a simultaneous reduction of formed imine. The methoxyl-protecting groups of this intermediate are cleaved by hydrogen bromide giving dobutamine.
Dofetilide is a class III antiarrhythmic agent that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Dofetilide is a specific blocker of the rapid component of the outward delayed rectifier potassium current. This inhibition of potassium channels results in a prolongation of action potential duration and the effective refractory period of accessory pathways. Dofetilide has no effect on sodium channels, adrenergic alpha-receptors, or adrenergic beta-receptors.
Eplerenone is a class of medications called mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. It works by blocking the action of aldosterone, a natural substance in the body that raises blood pressure.It is used alone or in combination with other medications to treat high blood pressure,used as an adjunct in the management of chronic heart failure. It is similar to the diuretic spironolactone.
Etilefrine is a cardiac stimulant used as an antihypotensive. It is a sympathomimetic amine of the 3-hydroxy-phenylethanolamine series used in treating orthostatic hypotension of neurological, cardiovascular, endocrine or metabolic origin. Intravenous infusion of this compound increases cardiac output, stroke volume, venous return and blood pressure in man and experimental animals, suggesting stimulation of both α and β adrenergic receptors. However, in vitro studies indicate that etilefrine has a much higher affinity for β1 than for β2 adrenoreceptors.
Felodipine is a long-acting 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB)b. It acts primarily on vascular smooth muscle cells by stabilizing voltage-gated L-type calcium channels in their inactive conformation. By inhibiting the influx of calcium in smooth muscle cells, felodipine prevents calcium-dependent myocyte contraction and vasoconstriction. Felodipine is the most potent CCB in use and is unique in that it exhibits fluorescent activity. In addition to binding to L-type calcium channels, felodipine binds to a number of calcium-binding proteins, exhibits competitive antagonism of the mineralcorticoid receptor, inhibits the activity of calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, and blocks calcium influx through voltage-gated T-type calcium channels. Felodipine is used to treat mild to moderate essential hypertension.
Fenoldopam is a drug and synthetic benzazepine derivative which acts as a peripheral selective D1 receptor weak partial agonist/antagonist and is used as an anti hypertensive.
Flecainide belongs to the class of medications known asantiarrhythmics. It is used to treat or prevent abnormal heart rhythms in certain conditions (e.g., paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias, sustained ventricular tachycardia). It works by slowing down the rate of nerve impulses causing the heart to beat, and by making the heart less likely to respond to abnormal impulses.
Irbesartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension. It is also used for the treatment of hypertension, as well as diabetic nephropathy with an elevated serum creatinine and proteinuria (>300 mg/day) in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Irbesartan is also used as a second line agent in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
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