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Holmium is a rare earth element. Its oxide was first isolated from rare earth ores in 1878 and the element was named after the city of Stockholm. It is found in the minerals monazite and gadolinite, and is usually commercially extracted from monazite using ion exchange techniques. It has the highest magnetic strength of any element and therefore is used for the polepieces of the strongest static magnets. Because holmium strongly absorbs nuclear fission-bred neutrons, it is used in nuclear control rods. It is also used in yttrium-iron-garnet and yttrium-lanthanum-fluoride solid-state lasers found in microwave equipment. Holmium lasers emit at 2.08 micrometres, and therefore are safe to eyes. They are used in medical, dental, and fiber-optical applications. Holmium is one of the colorants used for cubic zirconia and glass, providing yellow or red coloring.
Lithium is a metal that belongs to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Lithium and its compounds have several industrial applications, including heat-resistant glass and ceramics, high strength-to-weight alloys used in aircraft, lithium batteries and lithium-ion batteries. Lithium niobate is used extensively in telecommunication products such as mobile phones and optical modulators, for such components as resonant crystals. Lithium is also used in the pharmaceutical and fine-chemical industry in the manufacture of organolithium reagents, which are used both as strong bases and as reagents for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. Organolithium compounds are also used in polymer synthesis as catalysts/initiators in anionic polymerization of unfunctionalized olefins. Lithium compounds continue to be the gold standard for the treatment of bipolar disorder and are helpful for related diagnoses, such as schizoaffective disorder and cyclic major depression.
REOFLUX is an organic and inorganic polyelectrolite. It is a liquid tailor-made deflocculant for ceramic slips.
Silicon is the most common metalloid. It has many industrial uses. It is the principal component of most semiconductor devices, most importantly integrated circuits or microchips. It is widely used in semiconductors because it remains a semiconductor at higher temperatures than the semiconductor germanium and because its native oxide is easily grown in a furnace and forms a good semiconductor/dielectric interface. In the form of silica and silicates, silicon forms useful glasses, cements, and ceramics. It is also a constituent of silicones, a class-name for various synthetic plastic substances made of silicon, oxygen, carbon and hydrogen, often confused with silicon itself. Silicon is an essential element in biology, although only tiny traces of it appear to be required by animals. It is much more important to the metabolism of plants, particularly many grasses, and silicic acid forms the basis of the striking array of protective shells of the microscopic diatoms.
Styrene is the precursor to polystyrene and several copolymers. The presence of the vinyl group allows styrene to polymerize. Commercially significant products include polystyrene, synthetic rubber and resin. Styrene is predominantly used in rubber, plastic, insulation, fiberglass, pipes, automobile and boat parts, food containers, and carpet backing.
Thorium is a naturally occurring radioactive chemical element, found in abundance throughout the world. It was discovered in 1828 and named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder. It is a component of the magnesium alloy called Mag-Thor, used in aircraft engines and imparting high strength and creep resistance at elevated temperatures. Thoriated magnesium was used to build the CIM-10 Bomarc missile, although concerns about radioactivity have resulted in several missiles being removed from public display. Thorium is also used as an alloying agent in gas tungsten arc welding to increase the melting temperature of tungsten electrodes and improve arc stability. Thorium dioxide and thorium nitrate were used in mantles of portable gas lights, including natural gas lamps, oil lamps and camping lights. These mantles glow with an intense white light when heated in a gas flame, and its color could be shifted to yellow by addition of cerium. Thorium dioxide is a material for heat-resistant ceramics and also has been used as a catalyst in the conversion of ammonia to nitric acid, in petroleum cracking and in producing sulfuric acid. Thorium, as well as uranium and plutonium, can be used as fuel in a nuclear reactor and it is a fertile material, which allows it to be used to produce nuclear fuel in a breeder reactor.
Uranium is a metallic chemical element in the actinide series of the periodic table. It is used as a colorant in uranium glass, producing orange-red to lemon yellow hues. It was also used for tinting and shading in early photography. The 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who named the new element after the planet Uranus. Eugène-Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Antoine Becquerel. Research by Enrico Fermi and others starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon used in war.
Chromium was discovered by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin in the mineral crocoite in 1797. It was regarded with great interest because of its high corrosion resistance and hardness. A major development was the discovery that steel could be made highly resistant to corrosion and discoloration by adding chromium to form stainless steel. This application, along with chrome plating are currently the highest-volume uses of the metal. Chromium(III) salts are used in the tanning of leather. The high heat resistivity and high melting point makes chromite and chromium(III) oxide a material for high temperature refractory applications, like blast furnaces, cement kilns, molds for the firing of bricks and as foundry sands for the casting of metals. In these applications, the refractory materials are made from mixtures of chromite and magnesite. The use is declining because of the environmental regulations due to the possibility of the formation of chromium(VI).
EXALAM P is an inorganic phosphate salt which is a traditional phosphate based powder deflocculant used in many ceramic fields.
Europium is a chemical element, which was named after the continent of Europe. It is a moderately hard silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water. It has no significant biological role and is relatively non-toxic compared to other heavy metals. It is a dopant in some types of glass in lasers and other optoelectronic devices. It is also used in the manufacture of fluorescent glass. Europium oxide is widely used as a red phosphor in television sets and fluorescent lamps, and as an activator for yttrium-based phosphors. Europium fluorescence is used to interrogate biomolecular interactions in drug-discovery screens. It is also used in the anti-counterfeiting phosphors in Euro banknotes.
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