chemical-categories

Thromboxane

Thromboxane is a member of the family of lipids known as eicosanoids. The two major thromboxanes are thromboxane A2 and thromboxane B2. Thromboxane acts by binding to any of the thromboxane receptors, G-protein-coupled receptors coupled to the G protein Gq. Thromboxanes are formed from endoperoxides, cause constriction of vascular and bronchial smooth muscle, and promote blood clotting. Thromboxane is a vasoconstrictor and a potent hypertensive agent, and it facilitates platelet aggregation. It is in homeostatic balance in the circulatory system with prostacyclin, a related compound.

Vasopressin

Vasopressin is a neurohypophysial hormone found in most mammals, including humans. It is a peptide hormone that controls the reabsorption of molecules in the tubules of the kidneys by affecting the tissue's permeability. It also increases peripheral vascular resistance, which in turn increases arterial blood pressure. It plays a key role in homeostasis, and the regulation of water, glucose, and salts in the blood. It is derived from a preprohormone precursor that is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in vesicles at the posterior pituitary. Vasopressin increases peripheral vascular resistance (vasoconstriction) and thus increases arterial blood pressure. Vasopressin agonists are used therapeutically in various conditions, and its long-acting synthetic analogue desmopressin is used in conditions featuring low vasopressin secretion, as well as for control of bleeding, and in extreme cases of bedwetting by children.

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Androstenone

Androstenone is a steroid-like pheromone. It is found in boar's saliva, celery cytoplasm,and truffle fungus.Androstenone was the first mammalian pheromone to be identified. It is found in high concentrations in the saliva of male pigs, and, when inhaled by a female pig that is in heat, results in the female assuming the mating stance.

Leukotrienes

Leukotrienes are fatty signaling molecules and eicosanoids that were originally isolated from leukocytes. Leukotrienes use both autocrine signaling and paracrine signaling to regulate the body's response. Leukotrienes are powerful inflammatory lipid mediators derived from the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) cascade of arachidonic acid. Leukotrienes are synthesized via 5-lipoxygenase metabolism of arachidonic acid by mast cells and basophils during the early-phase response to antigen and by eosinophils and macrophages during the late phase. The Leukotrienes levels in nasal secretions are elevated after short-term allergen instillation and in allergy season in patients with allergic rhinitis. Leukotrienes are of different types- LTA₄,LTB₄, LTC₄, LTD₄, LTE₄, and LTF₄. Leukotrienes act principally on a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. They may also act upon peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Leukotrienes are involved in asthmatic and allergic reactions and act to sustain inflammatory reactions. Several leukotriene receptor antagonists such as montelukast and zafirlukast are used to treat asthma. Leukotrienes are very important agents in the inflammatory response.

Progesterone

Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis of humans and other species. Progesterone belongs to a class of hormones called progestogens, and is the major naturally occurring human progestogen.Progesterone is commonly manufactured from the yam family, Dioscorea.It is synthesized from pregnenolone.It can be synthesized within the central nervous system and also serves as a precursor to another major neurosteroid, allopregnanolone.Progesterone has a number of physiological effects that are amplified in the presence of estrogen.It aids in immunity, reduces swelling and inflammation, stimulates and regulates the production of the thyroid gland, and keeps blood-clotting levels at normal values. Progesterone also can be said to be an anti-aging hormone. It keeps bones strong, produces collagen, and helps keep nerves functioning at appropriate levels. Progesterone has key effects via non-genomic signalling on human sperm as they migrate through the female tract before fertilization occurs.Progesterone modulates the activity of CatSper (cation channels of sperm) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.Progesterone converts the endometrium to its secretory stage to prepare the uterus for implantation.Progesterone is used to support pregnancy in Assisted Reproductive Technology cycles such as In-vitro Fertilization,used to control persistent anovulatory bleeding. It is also used to prepare uterine lining in infertility therapy and to support early pregnancy.

Prostacyclin

Prostacyclin is a member of the family of lipid molecules known as eicosanoids. Prostacyclin is produced in endothelial cells from prostaglandin H2 by the action of the enzyme prostacyclin synthase. Prostacyclin chiefly prevents formation of the platelet plug involved in primary hemostasis. It does this by inhibiting platelet activation. It is also an effective vasodilator. Prostacyclin has a half-life of 42 seconds, is broken down into 6-keto-PGF1. It is released by healthy endothelial cells and performs its function through a paracrine signaling cascade that involves G protein-coupled receptors on nearby platelets and endothelial cells .It unifies and strengthens contractions during pregnancy and decreases tumor growth in some forms of cancer. It also appears to exert a protective action against allergic inflammation by decreasing the ability of inflammatory white blood cells to attach and move between the endothelial tissue lining blood vessels. Prostacyclin is not stored, instead it is created on-demand by endothelial cells that line blood vessels.

Somatostatin

Somatostatin is a 14-amino acid peptide. Somatostatin is produced by neuroendocrine neurons of the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. It is also produced by several other populations that project centrally, and somatostatin receptors are expressed at many different sites in the brain. It regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G-protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones. It is an inhibitor of growth hormone release from the anterior pituitary and hence an antagonist of GRF. Somatostatin suppresses the release of a variety of other hormones involved in the regulation of important physiological functions of the gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin also inhibits TSH production.

Testosterone

Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates. It is derived from cholesterol. It is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females. It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In men, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as the testis and prostate as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle, bone mass, and the growth of body hair, adequate levels of red blood cells, sense of well-being, and sexual and reproductive function. Testosterone can be used by an athlete in order to improve performance.

Levothyroxine

Levothyroxine is a synthetically prepared levo isomer of thyroxine, the major hormone secreted from the thyroid gland. It is used as a hormone replacement for patients with thyroid problems. It is used to treat hypothyroidism, goiter, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, myxedema coma, and stupor.