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Progabide

Progabide is an analog and prodrug of gamma-aminobutyric acid used in the treatment of epilepsy. It has agonistic activity at both the GABAA and GABAB receptors. It has been investigated for many diseases besides epilepsy, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, clinical depression, anxiety disorder and spasticity with various levels of success.

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Pukateine

Pukateine is an alkaloid found in the bark of the New Zealand tree Pukatea. An extract from pukatea is used in traditional Māori herbal medicine as an analgesic, and it is thought pukateine is the active component, as it is similar in both structure and activity to alkaloids such as glaucine and tetrahydropalmatine which are found in Chinese medicinal herbs used as analgesics.It has multiple mechanisms of action, with the most prominent effects being as an agonist at the D2 dopamine receptor and antagonist at the α1 adrenergic receptor.

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Quazinone

Quazinone is a cardiotonic and vasodilator drug which was developed and marketed in the 1980s for the treatment of heart disease. It acts as a selective PDE3 inhibitor. It is no longer available.

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Quercetin

Quercetin, a flavonol, is a plant-derived flavonoid found in fruits, vegetables, leaves and grains. It also may be used as an ingredient in supplements, beverages or foods. From in vitro studies, quercetin has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting both synthesis and release of histamine and other allergic/inflammatory mediators. In addition, it may have antioxidant activity and vitamin C-sparing action.

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Quinapril

Quinapril is used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Quinapril is actually a prodrug. It is converted to its active metabolite, quinaprilat, in the liver. Quinapril inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme, an enzyme which catalyses the formation of angiotensin II from its precursor, angiotensin I. Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor and increases blood pressure through a variety of mechanisms.Quinaprilat competes with angiotensin I for binding at the angiotensin-converting enzyme, blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.Overdose may lead to severe hypotension.

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Ramelteon

Ramelteon is the first in a new class of sleep agents that selectively binds to the MT1 and MT2 receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), instead of binding to GABA A receptors, such as with drugs like zolpidem, eszopiclone, and zaleplon. Ramelteon is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for long-term use.

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Reserpine

Reserpine is an indole alkaloid antipsychotic and antihypertensive drug that has been used for the control of high blood pressure and for the relief of psychotic symptoms, although because of the development of better drugs for these purposes and because of its numerous side-effects, it is rarely used today. The antihypertensive actions of reserpine are a result of its ability to deplete catecholamines from peripheral sympathetic nerve endings. These substances are normally involved in controlling heart rate, force of cardiac contraction and peripheral resistance.

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Rhapontin

Rhaponticin is a stilbene glucoside compound. Its aglycone metabolite is called rhapontigenin. It can be found in rhubarb rhizomes. It has beneficial effects on diabetic mice, and in vitro results suggest it may be relevant to Alzheimer's disease with an action on beta amyloid.

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Ribavirin

Ribavirin is an anti-viral drug indicated for severe RSV infection, hepatitis C infection (used in conjunction with peginterferon alfa-2b or peginterferon alfa-2a) and other viral infections. Ribavirin is a prodrug, which when metabolized resembles purine RNA nucleotides. In this form it interferes with RNA metabolism required for viral replication.

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Rifaximin

Rifaximin is a semisynthetic, rifamycin-based non-systemic antibiotic, meaning that the drug will not pass the gastrointestinal wall into the circulation as is common for other types of orally administered antibiotics. It is used to treat diarrhea caused by E. coli.Rifaximin is a product of synthesis of rifamycin, an antibiotic with low gastrointestinal absorption and good antibacterial activity. It acts on the beta-subunit of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase enzyme of microorganisms to inhibit RNA synthesis.

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