Introduction
Ammonia (CAS Number: 7664-41-7) is a compound composed of hydrogen and nitrogen with the chemical formula NH3. It is also known as nitrogen trihydride and trihydridonitrogen. Ammonia is a colorless gas with a pungent smell. This compound is a nitrogenous waste, which is found among aquatic organisms. It is an essential nutritional element for terrestrial organisms that serves as a precursor to fertilizers and food.
Production
In the past, ammonia was produced manufactured by the dry distillation of animal waste andnitrogenous vegetable products. It was also produced through the distillation of coal as well as decomposition of ammonium salts with alkaline hydroxides.
2 NH4Cl + 2 CaO → CaCl2 + Ca(OH)2 + 2 NH3
Ammonia is also produced by heating urea with calcium hydroxide.
(NH2)2CO + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + 2 NH3
Most ammonia suppliers and manufacturers source it from the Haber-Bosch process, which involves the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen at a moderately raised temperature and high pressure.
3 H2 + N2 → 2 NH3
Applications
- Fertilizer manufacturing companies buy ammonia in majority as anhydrous, salts or solutions.
- They help in increasing the crop yield, when applied to the soil. Ammonia is a precursor to various nitrogen containing compounds.
- All synthetic nitrogen compounds are obtained from ammonia.
- Cleaning product manufacturers buy ammonia from ammonia suppliers to use in their products, owing to the surface cleansing and shining properties.
- Ammonia suppliers supply the chemical to the fermentation industry, where it serves as an important nitrogen source for microorganisms as well as help in the adjustment of pH during fermentation.
- Ammonia suppliers supply the chemical to meat industry for preservation byeradicating microbial contamination.
- Cotton and wool manufacturers buy ammonia for mercerization and prewashing processes.
Toxicity
Ammonia is not toxic for humans and other mammals as they have mechanisms in place to check the build of ammonia in bloodstream. However, it is toxic to fish and amphibians as they lack the mechanism. Thereby, ammonia is classified as a toxic chemical for the environment. Ammonia in higher concentrations can be harmful to humans, where they can cause injury through inhalation, ingestion or direct contact with skin or eyes. Ammonia suppliers, manufacturers and buyers must be aware of the toxicity of the compound.
Handling and Storage
Industries that buy ammonia or manufacture must demonstrate the correct way of handling the chemical as well as demonstrate the appropriate use of PPE. The personal protective equipment should include respirator with approved cartridge, chemical gloves, goggles and long sleeve clothing. Contact with incompatible materials must be prevented. Corrosion resistant tools and equipment should be used in the work area. Sources of ignition and heat such as hot surfaces, static discharge, open flames and sparks must be eliminated. End users and intermediate industries that buy ammonia should keep the containers tightly close and avoid dragging, rolling, sliding or dropping. It must be stored in the original shipping container with the appropriate label.