Introduction
Carbon dioxide (CAS No: 124-38-9) is a gas with the chemical formula CO2. It consists of a carbon atom linked to two oxygen atoms with a double bond. This colorless gas is present in the earth’s atmosphere in trace amounts. Carbon dioxide is an odorless gas at low concentrations and has a sharp acidic odor at high concentrations. The other names are carbonic oxide, carbon oxide, carbonic anhydride and carbonic acid gas.
Production of Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is produced through the combustion of carbon-based fuels like methane, organic matter, petroleum distillates, coal and wood. The combustion reaction takes place between methane and oxygen.
CH4+ 2 O2 → CO2+ 2 H2O
Carbon dioxide is produced through the thermal decomposition of limestone CaCO3, where it is heated at 850 °C to produce calcium oxide (quicklime).
CaCO3→ CaO + CO2
CO2 is produced along with pig iron in blast furnace, when iron is reduced from its oxides. Carbon dioxide suppliers obtain it from hydrogen manufacturers as it is produced in its industrial production. Manufacturers and end user industries buy carbon dioxide from bioethanol and alcoholic beverages manufacturers, where yeast metabolizes sugar to CO2.
C6H12O6 → 2 CO2+ 2 C2H5OH
Carbon Dioxide Applications
Various industries buy carbon dioxide such as the chemical industry, the oil industry and the food industry. Carbon dioxide suppliers supply the gas to carbonated beverages companies, where it used for adding the sparkle in carbonated beverages like sparkling wine, beer and soda water. Carbon dioxide suppliers supply the gas to produce urea. Food companies buy carbon dioxide as a food additive to use as an acidity regulator and propellant. It finds applications in pneumatic systems particularly for portable pressure tools. CO2 gas is also used in welding arc and fire extinguishers. Oil companies buy carbon dioxide to use for enhanced oil recovery. Food companies buy the gas from the carbon dioxide suppliers for use as refrigerants during the transportation and storage of frozen food items.
Toxicity
At higher concentrations, carbon dioxide acts as an irritant, a cerebral dilator and an asphyxiant. At moderate concentrations CO2 can cause headache, dizziness, increased blood pressure, mental confusion, nausea, vomiting and increased respiratory rate. Exposure to cold gas can lead to freezing of tissue. CO2 gas must not be allowed to accumulate in low lying areas as it is heavier than air. Carbon dioxide suppliers and manufacturers should be aware of the toxicity of the gas.
Handling and Storage
Industries that buy carbon dioxide should protect system components against physical damage. Adequate ventilation should be provided. Carbon dioxide suppliers and manufacturers must use storage containers, valves, fittings and piping designed for distribution and storage of CO2 gas. The cylinders should be placed in a fireproof area, away from corrosive environments. End users that buy carbon dioxide should carefully handle and store the gaseous compound.
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